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align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd.JPG" width=716
height=51></FONT><IMG border=0
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width="100%" height=6><SPAN lang=en-us><I><FONT style="face: arial"><B><BR><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> </FONT></B></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
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style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><I><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The update notifications of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>all</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>my antenna pages on this website are
now listed<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/antenna-pages-updates.htm"'
target=hellschreiber_pages>here</A></FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P
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align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">[<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#KGD-40-FD"'
target=antennas>KGD-40-FD</A>]
[<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#construction"'
target=antennas>KGD-40-FD
construction</A>]
[<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#KGD-20-FD"'
target=antennas>KGD-20-FD</A>]
[<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#KGD-80-FD"'>KGD-80-FD
Mk
1</A>]
[<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#KGD-80-FD-Mk2"'>KGD-80-FD
Mk 2</A>]</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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border=0 src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF"
width="100%" height=3></FONT></SPAN></P>
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style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">No, it is not a KG</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
lang=en-us><U><STRONG>B</STRONG></U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>antenna, even though it's overall
length makes it a stealthy antenna: 1m8 for the 40 m band! This antenna project
is my implementation of the German "KGD" antenna: the "Kurz Geratener Dipol"
(i.e., "the dipole that turned out short"). No, it is not a miracle antenna. But
I am<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
lang=en-us><EM>very</EM><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>pleased
with its performance</SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">, and it definitely is an
option for those with space restrictions.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The antenna was developed by a team of the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.dl-qrp-ag.de/index.html"'
target=_blank><EM>DL-QRP-AG</EM></A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(<EM>Arbeitsgemeinschaft für QRP und
Selbstbau im Amateurfunk</EM>). The manual ("Baumappe", ref. 1) is available
from<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><A
style='href: "http://www.qrpproject.de/Media/pdf/kgdmanual.pdf"'
target=_blank><EM>QRPproject</EM></A><FONT style="face: arial"><EM>.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></EM></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">Unfortunately, they no longer sell the antenna kits: center
section with pre-wound coils, and pre-cut aluminum tubes. But: so what? Amateur
radio is about building yourself! The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><EM>QRPproject<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></EM></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">website has an extensive<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A
style='href: "http://www.qrpforum.de/index.php"'
target=_blank>forum</A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>[in
German], where this antenna has been discussed (ref.
1).</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><EM><STRONG><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><IMG
border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-diagram.JPG"
width=738 height=278><BR></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2
face=Arial><BR></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The design of the KGD antenna - a base-loaded
dipole</FONT></FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The antenna is a short, base-loaded dipole. In the
original design, the dipole-legs are made of aluminium pipe. There is a loading
coil at the base of each leg. A 50 Ω coax connects directly to the coils. A
capacitor across the coax adapts the antenna impedance to the
coax.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/danger-electrical-shock.gif"
width=214 height=148><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><STRONG><FONT
style="face: arial"><BR><BR></FONT></STRONG></EM><EM><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial><STRONG><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Do not
get near the antenna when transmitting!<BR>Do not let any people or animals get
near the antenna when
transmitting!</FONT></STRONG></FONT></EM></SPAN><EM><STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><BR>Do not use more than 50 W continuous
power!</FONT></FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">This antenna has a high "Q". So, at the resonance
frequency, very high voltages will be generated across the coils - even when
transmitting with only a couple of watts! A fluorescent light held near a
coil<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>will</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>light up, even at low
power.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/hell-KGD-TL-lamp.JPG" width=631
height=476><BR></FONT><EM><SPAN lang=en-us><STRONG><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Yours truly holding a small
fluorescent light tube near de coils of the KGD
antenna<BR> </FONT></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Note that the high voltage is basically across the
coils,<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>not</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>across the
capacitor!</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<DIV
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align=center>
<TABLE id=table4 style="COLOR: #000000" borderColorDark=#0000ff width="25%"
borderColorLight=#000000 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Power</FONT></SPAN></B></I></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">into 50
Ω</FONT></SPAN></B></I></P></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><B><I><FONT
style="face: arial">V</FONT></I></B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN
lang=en-us>oltage across capacitor</SPAN></B></FONT></I></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">5 W</FONT></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">16 Vrms</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">10 W</FONT></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">22 Vrms</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">20 W</FONT></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">32 Vrms</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center><FONT style="face: arial">50 W</FONT></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">50
Vrms</FONT></SPAN></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=91 align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>100
W</SPAN></FONT></TD>
<TD width=131 align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">71
Vrms</FONT></SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">So the capacitor does not have to be a high voltage
type. However, the capacitor should be a low-loss type (low Equivalent Series
Resistance, ESR, low Dissipation Factor, DF). Otherwise, the capacitor may
become too hot (and disintegrate - dangerous), and the apparent current may
exceed the capacitor's<I>current-rating</I>. </FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The table below shows the dimensions of the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>original design</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>for several frequency bands. Each leg
has a length of only 1.75%<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">of the wavelength (2% for
80m). All</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>coils are made of 0.8 mm<SPAN
lang=en-us><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>diameter</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>enameled</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>copper wire (<SPAN
lang=en-us>a.k.a.<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>CuL,
magwire, transformer wire)<SPAN lang=en-us>. You can also use AWG #20 wire
(0.8128 mm Ø).<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>In the
original<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=en-us>kit</SPAN>, the center<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>section</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>is<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>made of solid polyamide,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>and has</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>machined<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>groove<SPAN
lang=en-us>s</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>for the coil
turns<SPAN lang=en-us>. It</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>is slid<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN><EM>into</EM></SPAN></FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the
aluminium tube.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><EM><STRONG><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG
border=0 src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-table.JPG"
width=593 height=254></FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 5px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><EM><SPAN><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><STRONG>The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>original</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>dimensions from the
manual</STRONG></FONT></FONT><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" size=2 face=Arial><BR></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">(note 1: use 2
inductive coupling turns per coil, i.e. a Beta-Match coil);<BR>note 2:
alternatively, use no capacitor but interconnect the coils and tap each at 1.5
wdg from center)</FONT></FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">As noted
above, the capacitor only serves to adapt the coax impedance to the (low)
impedance of the feed-point of the antenna. For instance, for a feed-point
impedance<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">of 25 Ω,
the impedance of the capacitor should be approximately 50 Ω at the design
frequency: 50 Ω parallel to 50 Ω (coax) is about 25 Ω. At 7 MHz, a 470 pF
capacitor would provide 48 ohm - close enough.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Note
that the capacitor is<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>not</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>part of a tuned circuit. You can
actually change the capacitor value e.g. 200% and the resonance frequency of the
antenna will<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>not</U>change.
"Doorknob" capacitors such as the one I used, tend to have a poor thermal
coefficient, which makes them unsuitable for use in tuned circuits. However, in
our application, they are OK (though over-dimensioned).</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The
feed-point impedance is the sum of the radiation resistance and the loss
resistance of the antenna. It can be determined by measuring SWR at the
feed-point, or using a network/antenna-analyzer at the feedpoint. The loss
resistance is driven by the coil and the tubes. If you change the coil
dimensions (core diameter, wire gauge, inter-wire spacing) the coil losses will
change, and a different capacitor value will be required. Likewise, if a
different diameter tube is used. Obviously this also affects the bandwidth of
the antenna. If the losses are increased (not a good idea!!!), e.g., by using
thinner wire for the coils, actually no capacitor may be required. Conversely,
the coil dimensions may be changed so as to still have the desired antenna
resonance frequency, but a feed-point impedance that can be adapted to the coax
with a 1:2 or 1:4 balun.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Using a
1:1 current choke is recommended, and is what I use (placed close to the feed
point of the antenna).</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Per the manual: if the dipole is installed near the
ground (height < 1/8 λ), it should be used<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>vertically</U>. The coax should be
perpendicular to the antenna for at least the first 1 m (3-4 ft).<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial><I>It appears
that the antenna characteristics are very sensitive to the latter, especially
the first 10-20 cm</I>!</FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>Obviously, the antenna should not be
installed near metal down spouts, just like horizontal installation should not
be near metal rain gutters etc.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">A description of my 20 m mini-dipoles (2x 3 m / 2x 10
ft fishing poles and 2x 2½m / 2x 8 ft) is<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_beam.htm"'
target=antennas>here</A></FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><B><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">References:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 1</STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">: "</FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/pdf-ant/antenna-KGD.pdf"'
target=_blank>KGD - Kurz Geratener Dipol</A></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">", instructions and associated forum entries<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>from</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">Q</FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
lang=en-us><EM>RPproject<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></EM></SPAN></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">[in
German]</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><A
style="name: kgd-40-fd"></A><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-40-fd.JPG"
width=226 align=left height=34><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I have decided to take the liberty of appending my
initials to designator of my version(s) of this antenna.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I still had
a section of PVC tube from another project, and used that instead. It is
dark-grey hard-PVC tube: regular Schedule-40 "rigid nonmetallic conduit - above
ground and underground". It is marked as "UV resistant", which is good for an
antenna! The ID is 15.7 mm and the OD is 21.5 mm. </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN lang=en-us>decided to use copper pipe from the
local<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial">Do-It-Yourself</FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>store. They did not have any diameters
that came close to the OD of my PVC tube, so I got a smaller diameter: "14/16
mm" (ID/OD). According to the sticker on it, it even comes with a 30 year
guarantee! Contrary to the original design, my copper pipe will have to be
fitted<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN><EM>inside</EM></SPAN></FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the
PVC-tube.</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The PVC is thermoplastic: it softens when heated.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>So, to
avoid having to ream the ends of the PVC pipe, I checked, and after holding the
end of the PVC pipe in boiling hot water for about a minute, the copper pipe can
be pressed into the PVC pipe by hand (16 vs. 15.7 mm is not a lot...).<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial">My PVC tubes state that they are rated for<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>90º<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"> C (200</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
lang=en-us>º</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>F). So, boiling water is hot enough to
do this (unless you are on top of a very high mountain, as water will boil there
at (much) lower temps).<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN><STRONG>C</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN>PVC
(hot water conduit, some sprinkler system pipes) has a higher temp rating. It
will be (much) more resistant to heating of the coils, and will not become
malleable in boiling water.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">If you<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><B><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000"
face=Arial>very (!!) carefully</FONT></B><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff"
face=Arial><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">heat up the (C)PVC about 30 cm (1 ft) above a small burner
of your kitchen stove, while turning it<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><B><FONT
style="face: arial">constantly</FONT></B></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(like a
spit), it will also soften enough to work with. But I do not take any
responsibility if you do this and burn yourself, or burn your house
down.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The original design has some sort of plastic piece
that is pressed into the tip of the aluminium tube sections. A threaded rod of
about 20 cm (8") long and several mm diameter is screwed into this. The rods
form a capacitive load at the tips of the copper tubes, and are used to tune the
resonance frequency of the antenna. See plots further
below.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I decided to build the 40 meter version of this
antenna. Total length is only about 160 cm (≈ 5 ft 4") without the tuning rods.
I had to recalculate the number of coil turns from the design diameter of 18.5
mm, to 21.5 mm. When increasing the coil diameter, the required number of turns
is decreased by a factor that is equal to the ratio of the square of the old and
the square of the new diameter (basically the ratio of the cross-sectional
areas):</FONT></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-formula.JPG"
width=169 height=73></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">So,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">when going from 18.5 to 21.5
mm diameter, the number of turns would have to be reduced from 114 to 85. As you
will see further below, the actual number for the PVC tubing that I used, turned
out to be 92. The required length of wire (per coil) is about 5.8 m (reduced
from 6.6 m). Using an on-line coil calculator (e.g.,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff"
face=Arial><A style='href: "http://deepfriedneon.com/tesla_f_calchelix.html"'
target=_blank>here</A></FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">), the estimated inductance is ≈ 45 μH (in both cases,
hi).</FONT></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">N</FONT></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">ote that the required number
of turns will have to be reduced by about 5% if you weatherproof the coils with
something like shrink tube.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Read
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#measurements"'
target=antennas>measurements & performance</A></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>section below, to see how I arrived at
the final dimensions.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><A style="name: 40mtr-table"></A></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-table-40m-final.JPG"
width=597 height=98><BR><EM><STRONG><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>final</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>dimensions</FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>my</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>40 m KGD<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>antenna</FONT></FONT></STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2 face=Arial><BR>(same coil
parameters for 0.8 mm enameled copper wire and AWG #20)</FONT><FONT
style="size: 2" face=Arial><BR> </FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">As described further below, I had to rebuild my
antenna after I melted the PVC coil core by running at about 100 W for several
minutes. This time, I used AWG #20 enameled copper wire, instead of 0.8 mm.
After tuning, the frequency plot of my miniVNA antenna analyzer closely matches
that of my first build. So construction of this antenna appears to be
repeatable.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Note that, as always, "Harry's Law of Coils"
applies. As Harry (SMØVPO) says: <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR> 1.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>You</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>cannot wind coils like I, and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>I</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>cannot wind coils like
you.<BR> 2. Coil-winding data is a constant that varies from
person to person.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><A
style="name: construction"></A><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3><BR></FONT></EM></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">CONSTRUCTION</FONT></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Components for the 40 mtr KGD antenna</FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">1 section of hard PVC tube
(Schedule-40), 32.5 cm long, 21.5 mm OD, 15.7 mm
ID.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">1 section of PVC tube, 40 cm
long, with an OD that fits snugly into the above PVC
tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">PVC glue.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 sections of copper tube, 70 cm
long, 16 mm outer diameter.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 x 6 m enameled copper wire (CuL,
magwire, transformer wire), 0.8 mm diameter (or AWG
#20).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">1 capacitor, 470 pF. I used a 16 kV
Russian-made "doorknob" capacitor. See the notes
above.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 ring-tongue terminals (to fix the
end of the coil wire and the coax to the
capacitor).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 sections of brass rod, 20 cm long,
M6 thread.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">4 brass nuts,
M6.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 round plastic inserts, diameter to
tightly fit the inside diameter of the copper tube. A hole must be drilled
through the center (lengthwise), and a thread tapped for
M6.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">2 plastic inserts, at least 8 mm
diameter, length to loosely fit across the inside of the copper tube. This
is a spacer for the inserted tip of the brass rods, and will keep the rods
centered inside the copper tube. A hole must be drilled across the middle
of the insert, and tapped with an M6 thread.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">1 meter coax, 50 Ω, e.g.
RG58.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">BNC or PL connector for the
coax.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><A style="name: pvc-dimensions-40-mtr"></A><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-pvc-dimensions-20mtr.JPG"
width=745 height=233><BR><FONT style="face: arial"><EM><STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">D</FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">imensions of the PVC-tube center section<SPAN
lang=en-us><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>- final design for the
40 mtr version</SPAN><BR> </FONT></STRONG></EM></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-components-1.JPG"
width=743 height=222><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-components-2.JPG"
width=750 height=53><BR><EM><STRONG><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The main
components of the antenna - the Russian-made 470 pF capacitor handles 16
kV</FONT><BR><FONT style="size: 2">(copper pipe not shown to scale; tuning rods
not shown)</FONT></FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">W</FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">ith my first KGD antenna, I terminated the outer ends
of the coils with a ring-tongue or spade terminal and screwed the terminals into
an M3 hole that I had tapped into the copper pipe. The wall of the copper pipe
is only 1 mm thick. On top of that, copper is rather soft. This is really not
enough for a robust and solid thread. So, for my second antenna, I decided to
solder the coil ends to the copper pipe.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><B><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">CONSTRUCTION :</FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Read the entire list of instructions
at least once before you start this project!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Cut the PVC pipe to length, per<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#40mtr-table"'
target=antennas>the table above</A></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Drill holes in PVC pipe, per the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_KGD.htm#pvc-dimensions-40-mtr"'
target=antennas>diagram above</A></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the 5.2 mm diam. hole for the
coax is drilled straight<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>through</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the PVC pipe, i.e., two
holes. If you only have a 5 mm drill, just move it in and out of the
holes a couple of time to slightly (!) increase the diameter of the
holes. It must be a relatively tight fit for the
coax.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the two 8 mm holes at the tips
of the PVC-tube are for connecting the coils to the Cu tube. Make
the holes oblong or oval, by tilting the
drill.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the four 0.9 (or 1.0) mm
"tunnel" holes are for fixing and guiding the coil wires at the ends
of the coils.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The antenna characteristics are
rather sensitive to the coax being at a right angle with respect to the
large PVC tube. In my second version of the KGD I have expanded the
original design with a second PVC tube that is fixed perpendicularly to
the PVC coil core. The coax is passed through this second
tube.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>exit</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>hole of the coax is shown
at the center of the dimensional diagrams above. The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>entry</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>hole is on the opposite
side.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Widen the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>exit</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>hole with increasing drill
bit sizes until the smaller diameter PVC tube almost fits into the
hole. Carefully ream this hole with a conical grinding bit until the
latter tube section fits tightly into the
hole.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Round off one tip of the
smaller PVC tube until it has the same diameter as the inside of the
large PVC tube. See photo below. This tube will be inserted later,
after the coils are
wound.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-coax-insert-b.JPG"
width=582 height=215></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Shaped tip of small-diameter PVC tube
and its perpendicular insertion into the PVC coil core</FONT><FONT
style="size: 2"><BR> </FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">With a conical grinding bit, chamfer
the inside of the tube ends. This will facilitate insertion of the copper
tubes.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Wind the first
coil:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">Insert<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>coil wire through
the tunnel hole near the hole for the coax</FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">, in the direction indicated in
the diagram.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>M</SPAN>ake sure<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>that<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>about 10 cm<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>of the
wire<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>sticks
out<SPAN lang=en-us>.</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">The end that sticks out should be bent at a
right-angle<SPAN lang=en-us>,</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>towards the hole for the
coax.</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">Wind 95 turns.<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>During "tuning &
pruning" of the antenna, this will be
reduced.</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">Wind the coil tightly.
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Once the coil is wound, terminate the
coil:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">keep tension on the wire, and
thread it trough the tunnel hole near the oval hole at the tip of
the PVC-tube, in the direction indicated in the
diagram.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>Cut the wire such that<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>about 10 cm<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>of the
wire<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>sticks
out<SPAN lang=en-us>.</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">The end that sticks out should be bent at a
right-angle<SPAN lang=en-us>,</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>towards the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">oval
hole.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Repeat for second
coil.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Wind the second coil in the
opposite direction: if the first coil was wound<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>clockwise</I>, then wind
the second coil<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>counter-clockwise</I>,
and vise-versa. Note that this is per the original design. I have
wound the coils in opposite directions as well as in the same
direction, and found no difference in antenna characteristics. But
we might as well stick with the original
design...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-center-2.JPG"
width=707 height=147><BR><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The PVC center-section with the coils
wound and round-tongue crimp terminals</FONT><BR></FONT></I></B><I><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" size=2 face=Arial>(photo taken before rewinding one of
the coils in counter/clockwise direction)</FONT></I></SPAN><EM><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2
face=Arial><BR> </FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-center-3.JPG"
width=719 height=150><BR><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Copper tubes inserted into the PVC
center-section<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><BR> </FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Let's prepare the copper
pipes:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Cut the copper pipe to length: 70 cm
(27 9/16"). With a file, chamfer the outer edge of the pipe. This will
make it easier to insert it into the PVC tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Apply solder to the last 4 cm of one
end of each pipe section. This is the end that will be inserted into the
PVC tube.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I do this by heating the end of
the pipe over the kitchen stove, applying rosin-core solder, and
turning the pipe to evenly distribute the molten
solder.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I hold the pipe with
self-locking pliers, about 30 cm (1 ft) from the hot
end.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">When done, and the solder is
still hot, tap the end of the pipe to remove excess
solder.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Use a kitchen scrubbing sponge
(one of those green things) to clean off the solder
flux.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">If the layer of solder is thick
or uneven (with "gobs" of solder) then file of the high
spots.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Cool off the pipe in cold
water.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Mark the copper tubes at 4 cm from
the end that will be inserted into the PVC tube - that's how far they will
be inserted. I use a piece of painters tape for
this.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">We are now ready to join the copper pipes into the PVC
coil core. The PVC is thermoplastic: it softens when heated. My PVC tubes state
that they are rated for 90 deg C (200 deg F). So, boiling water is hot enough to
do this (unless you are on top of a very high mountain, as water will boil there
at (much) lower temps).</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Put a small cutting board up against
the wall of your kitchen counter. Put a large cutting board against it, on
your counter.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Put enough water in a sauce pan such
that it is a little over 4 cm deep, and bring the water to the
boil.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Have your copper pipes ready to
go!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Put one end of the PVC tube
vertically into the boiling water for one minute. It is OK to let it rest
on the bottom of the pan.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial">Quickly</FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial>insert the copper tube into the PVC
tube:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial><B>you only
get<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>one</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>chance to get it
right!</B></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000"
face=Arial><B>Quickly</B></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>p</FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial">ut the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>PVC tube
onto the cutting board, perpendicular to the wall, cold end against
the wall.</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #ff0000"
face=Arial><B>Quickly</B></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>line up the tinned end of
one of the copper pipes with the hot end of the PVC pipe, and <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial><B>immediately</B><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">press it into the hot end of the PVC
tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Make sure that you you press
the pipe in<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><B><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial>straight</FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial">! If the centerlines of the pipe and the tube
are not aligned, you will probably end up with a crooked
antenna!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Push in the cupper pipe up to
the 4 cm marker.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The PVC will cool off<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><B>quickly</B>, shrink
back, and fix the copper tube in place - its position can no longer
be adjusted! (though if you</FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff"
face=Arial><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><B><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial>very (!!)
carefully</FONT></B><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">heat it up about 30 cm (1 ft) above a small
burner of your kitchen stove, while turning it<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><B><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000" face=Arial>constantly</FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(like a spit), the PVC will
soften again and you can straighten the PVC and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>maybe</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>adjust the position of the
copper pipe...).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Repeat the process with the second
copper tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The antenna is now taking shape. We'll proceed with
connecting the coils and the coax:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The wire of the two outer coil ends
is sticking out of the "tunnel holed" in the PVC tube, and is bent towards
the nearest oval hole. Guide them over the center of the hole, cut off the
wire 1 cm beyond that center. Bend that last 1 cm of the wire at a right
angle, i.e., perpendicular to the centerline of the PVC
tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Remove the enamel of the last 1 cm of
these wire ends. This is easiest done with a heavy-duty soldering iron
(not a soldering gun!). Once the soldering iron is hot, apply enough
solder tin to the tip of the iron to obtain a large drop of molten solder.
Hold each wire ends into this gob until the enamel is burnt
off.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Solder each wire end to the
(pre-soldered) copper pipe that is visible through the oval
hole.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The other coil ends will be connected
to the capacitor and the coax. Hold the capacitor over the hole for the
coax, about 1 cm away from the PVC pipe, with the "nuts" facing away from
the PVC pipe (see photos below). Guide each coil-end wire perpendicularly
away from the PVC tube, bend them up to the respective "nut", and cut them
off at the "nut" (no, it won't hurt your nuts,
hi!).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Thread the coax through the
designated holes, and leave about 10 cm sticking out of the hole where the
capacitor will be mounted.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Strip enough of the insulation off
the coax such that the braid can be made into a pigtail that can be folded
around the capacitor, almost up to one of the "nuts". See photos
below. For<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>my</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>doorknob capacitor (2½ cm (1")
diameter, 2 cm between the screw-in contacts), I needed to strip just over
2 cm.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Fold the center conductor of the coax
around the capacitor, almost up to the opposite "nut". Strip ½ cm (≈¼") of
the center conductor's insulation, and apply solder to the center
conductor.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Solder the pigtail and one coil-end
wire into a ring-tongue terminal and screw it to the capacitor , between
two flat washers. Fasten tightly.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Solder the center conductor and the
other coil-end wire also into a ring-tongue terminal, and mount it on the
opposite nut.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Pull the coax such that the capacitor
is pulled against the PVC tube.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Slide the small-diameter PVC tube
over the coax, rounded end first, and slide it all the way to the
coil-core tube. Apply PVC glue to the rounded tip and to the edge of the
hole in the large PVC tube. Fully insert the small tube into the hole
(make sure to turn it so that the roundness of the tip aligns with the
inside diameter of the large tube), and let the glue
cure.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Install a coax connector (PL-259 or
BNC, per your preference) on the opposite end of the
coax.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-center-4.JPG"
width=747 height=316></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Coils hooked up to the copper tubes,
capacitor and coax installed<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><BR> </FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-center-5.JPG"
width=718 height=454></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><I><B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Close-up of the coils and
capacitor</FONT></FONT></B></I></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Before we can tune the antenna, we must install the
tuning rods:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Install two nuts at one end of each
brass rod, and tighten the nuts against each other. These
counter-tightened nuts will give use something to hold onto when turning
the rods for tuning.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Screw the rods halfway into the round
plastic inserts (the black ones in the photos below) that will end up at
the tips of the copper pipe.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Apply glue to the hole in each of the
two small spacer inserts (the white ones in the photos below). Screw one
onto the tip of each brass rod (to the end opposite of the nuts). I used
Gorilla Glue<SUP><FONT style="size: 2">®</FONT></SUP><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(it expands while curing, so
don't use a lot).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Apply glue all the way around the
(black) tip-inserts, but don't get any glue near the brass rod! Insert the
rods into the copper tube, and fully seat the tip-inserts. You may want to
hold them in place with some sticky tape while the glue
cures.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-rods.JPG" width=745
height=186></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The tuning rods and associated
plastic inserts</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-rod-in-tube.JPG"
width=743 height=129></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><BR><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">A tuning rod inserted halfway into the copper
tube</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Now we're basically ready to tune the antenna. But
before we can do that, we'll have to install the antenna outside, away from
metal objects if possible. As stated before, if the antenna can't be installed
at least 1/8 λ (5 meters or 16 ft for the 40 mtr antenna), it should be
installed<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>vertically</U>. The
coax should be perpendicular to the antenna for at least the first 1 m (3-4 ft).
As stated above, the antenna characteristics are sensitive to this, esp. for the
first 20-30 cm - which is why we installed the guide-tube for the coax!
</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-installed.JPG"
width=435 height=573><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> </FONT><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-installed-detail.JPG"
width=264 height=573></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Installation of the antenna on my
terrace - mounted 2 m off the ground</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-boom-tip.JPG"
width=476 height=630></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Detail of the tip of the antenna
boom</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">(the boom is 40 mm Ø hard PVC, with a vertical
through-hole just under 16 mm Ø, for tight fit with copper
tube)</FONT></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">This antenna has a very narrow bandwidth around the
resonance frequency. Tuning without access to some sort of antenna analyzer or
SWR analyzer is difficult. You'd probably have to slowly sweep the frequency of
your transmitter while transmitting a carrier, and look at the SWR meter of your
tuner to find exact resonance frequency and associated SWR. The tuning procedure
below is based on having an antenna analyzer (in my case, a<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.wimo.com/cgi-bin/verteiler.pl?url=instrumentation_e.html#minivna"'
target=_blank>miniVNA</A></FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>hooked
up to my PC. Options are to hook up the analyzer right at the antenna, or in the
"shack" at the tuner/transmitter at the end of the coax. I do the latter
(measurements will include the feedline (12 meters of coax in my case), so I
will be seeing what the tuner/transmitter will see later
on.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Install the antenna where you will be
operating it! Tuning results significantly depend on installation
location. </FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Hook up the analyzer and sweep from,
say, 6-8 MHz. You should find a nice, sharp resonance dip in the SWR
curve.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Determine where you want the
resonance frequency to be, keeping in mind that the antenna has a nominal
bandwidth of about 45 kHz between the SWR=2 frequencies. At the resonance
frequency, you should be able to operate the antenna without a tuner. On
40 mtrs, I primarily operate with digi-modes (Hellschreiber, PSK31). I
decided to try and tune the resonance frequency to the boundary between
the narrow-band and wide-band segment of the 40 mtr band: 7040
kHz.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">As the coils have more turns than we
expect to need (it is easier to cut wire off than to cut it "on"), the
resonance frequency should be below the low end of the 40 mtr band
frequency range. Reducing the number of coil turns will<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>increase</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the resonance
frequency.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Turns are removed at the end of the
coils nearest the copper pipe. The same number of turns must be removed
from both coils.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Assuming the initial resonance
frequency is indeed too low (if not, something has gone wrong!), we'll
remove one turn from both coils. This will also give us a feel for how
much the resonance frequency shifts per removed turn. This isn't a
constant delta-frequency! The increase-per-removed-turn goes up as more
turns are removed. I have observed 35 to 55 kHz shift per removed
turn.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">With my second 40 mtrs KGD, I started
with a generous 100 turns, and the tuning rods sticking out about 85 mm.
Resonance frequency was 6680 kHz, SWR 1:1.1, and Rs=49
ohms.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Removing 2 turns raised the resonance
frequency to 6749 kHz (about 35 kHz per turn). SWR and R hardly
changed.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Removing 3 more turns (now down to
95) raised the resonance frequency to 6871 kHz (about 41 kHz per turn). No
change in SWR, R went down to 47.5 ohm.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Removing 3 more turns (now down to
92) raised the resonance frequency to 7000 kHz (about 43 kHz per
turn).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I could have removed one more turn,
but I did not want to overshoot my target frequency. So, I pulled up the
resonance frequency by screwing in the tuning rods until only 68 mm was
left sticking out. With that, the resonance frequency was right at 7040
kHz, though SWR ended up at 1:1.5 and R at 53 ohms.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE style="COLOR: #000000" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF"
width=14 height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">one of the two rods was a
little hard to turn. I applied one (!!) drop of gun oil (high
viscosity ( = "thick") penetrating oil for firearms and fishing
reels) right where the rod enters the insert. After turning the rod
back & forth a couple of turns, this did the
trick.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I have left it at this for the time
being. Of course, I could have removed one more turn, and pull<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>down</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the resonance frequency by
screwing the tuning rods outward as
necessary...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I have also measured the resonance frequency, SWR,
impedance, and bandwidth as function of the insertion/extension of the tuning
rods (0-165 mm, in 5 mm steps). See the plots below.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><B>Note</B>: these plots are for
vertical installation, and with a total of 13 mtrs (40 ft) of RG58A/U coax! The
resonance frequency varies linearly with the rod position, until the (20 cm)
rods are sticking out of the copper tubes by more than ≈12 cm. For more than ≈15
cm, the resonance frequency actually starts going up again! The SWR is constant
at ≈1.5, up to ≈12 cm rod extension. Given the observed |Z| and Rs, it appears
that the value of the capacitor is basically correct.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-40m-plot-SWR-Fres.JPG"
width=650 height=378></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-40m-plot-Zabs-Rs.JPG"
width=608 height=177></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-40m-plot-BW.JPG"
width=610 height=371></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Now the antenna has been tuned, we are ready for
action. Keep in mind that this is not an antenna for "QRO" high transmit power,
transmitter with an "afterburner", and other forms of waste of energy. The
photos below show you what will happen if you overheat the antenna by
continuously applying more than 50-70 watts. But who needs that much power
anyway? You can work digi-modes fine with 30-50 watts.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-schmelzantenne.JPG"
width=671 height=460><SPAN lang=en-us><I><B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><BR><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">When operating several minutes
with 80-100 W, the coils get hot enough to soften the
PVC<BR></FONT></FONT></B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">(the PVC is rated for 90 ºC (200 ºF)
max)</FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><BR><B><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-schmelzantenne-2.JPG"
width=380 height=499></B></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">After having built the antenna on a rainy afternoon
and cleaned up the tools etc., I hooked up my miniVNA antenna analyzer. The
resulting plot for this original set-up is shown below. It was not good!
Resonance frequency about 400 kHz too high, and bandwidth<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>appeared</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>too wide (low "Q") - this turned out to
be an "operator failure". Below are my notes of how I went about fixing things.
They are in reverse order (latest notes first, for those who are
impatient).</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 12 October '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">rebuild</FONT></B></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
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<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Have built a new coil core and wound
the coils with AWG #20 enameled copper wire (0.8128 mm
diam.)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Started out with 100 turns to have
some margin. After tuning, I had the same number of turns as my first
antenna with 0.8 mm wire: 92. The brass rods also have about the same
insertion depth as before: 68 mm sticking out, instead of
85.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 27 August '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><BLINK><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff9900" face=Arial><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">melt-down!</FONT></B></FONT></BLINK></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
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<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Had another long QSO last night with
Rolf, DF7XH. Again to try out antennas and transceivers. At one point we
could hardly copy each other, so I decided to more than double my output
power to about 80-100 W (100% duty cycle mode). After a couple of minutes
I noticed that my SWR jumped off the scale! I went outside to inspect the
antenna and found it had folded over into a quasi-inverted-V dipole
configuration: the coils had gotten hot enough to soften de PVC tube! Rolf
now disrespectfully refers to my KGD-antenna as a "Schmelzantenne" and
"Kurz Gebratener Dipol".</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">So "<I>do as I say, don't do as I
do</I>" and keep continuous power down to about 50 W
max.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">As they used to say at the beginning of each episode
of the 1970s TV series "The 6 million dollar man": "<I>Gentlemen, we can
rebuild him. We have the technology.</I>"<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>So, it's time once again to
gather materials and make a new coil-core... Maybe I'll try aluminum tube
this time...</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 20 August '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><BLINK><FONT
style="COLOR: #00ff00" face=Arial><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Success!</FONT></B></FONT></BLINK></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
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<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Late this afternoon, I fired up the
antenna (7040 kHz, PSK31 mode, 30 W, no tuner), and called "CQ antenna
test". After just a couple of calls, it was my friend Rolf, DF7XH, who
answered. He was playing around with the Drake gear that he is
reconditioning, and had stumbled upon my signals. Conditions at that time
of day were not great, but our signals were strong. I have had QSOs with
Rolf on 40 and 20 mtr before, using my Cobra multi-band dipole. That was a
struggle. Today he could not hear me with the Cobra, but with the KGD copy
was solid! Distance: 760 km (≈475 mi). Zero
sunspots.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">We also tried my KGD in horizontal
position, but could not copy each other (note that the KGD-manual
recommends vertical orientation for installation close to the ground).
Rolf successfully uses an "Up & Outer" antenna. Descriptions of that
antenna are<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/pdf-ant/antenna-up-outer1.pdf"'
target=_blank>here</A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/pdf-ant/antenna-up-outer2.pdf"'
target=_blank>here</A><FONT
style="face: arial">.</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><B>I am rather pleased</B>! Try-outs
will continue...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 15 August '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
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<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I played around with the tuning-rods.
When inserted half way, the the resonance frequency changed about 15 kHz
per cm of insertion.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I concluded that the coils did not
have enough turns. I cut and drilled a new section of PVC tube, and wound
the coils (in opposite directions), with 95 turns instead of
85.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Resonance frequency with half of the
tuning-rods inserted: 6841 kHz. Too low. But SWR very close to 1, and an
SWR=2 bandwidth of 40 kHz.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I reduced the number of turns by 3;
at 94 turns, f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>was 6903 kHz, and at 92 turns
7017 kHz: about 60 kHz per turn. Reducing one more turn would overshoot my
target frequency, so I left it at 92. SWR=2 bandwidth is 44
kHz.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Played with the tuning rods to see
their effect. Pulling them out from 10 to 11 cm reduced
f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>to 7004 kHz
- the wrong direction! Inserting 11½ cm (8½ sticking out) increased
f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>to 7039,
right where I wanted it to be. Now the SWR=2 bandwidth is 43.6 kHz and SWR
= 1:1.06. See plot below. Pretty much as per the
spec!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I added my 1:1 current choke at the
end of the 15 mtr coax. The f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>went up by by 6 kHz, and SWR
increased to 1:1.46, see plot below. This still needs to be
explained...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The antenna analyzer plot goes all
over the place if the coax is moved near the antenna; as the manual says:
guide the coax away from the antenna at a right-angle, for at least 1
m.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Hooked up the antenna to my
transceiver. The received signal strengths are really quite impressive
(compared to all the other home-built compact antennas that I have
tried).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">As to be expected, I did not need an
antenna tuner for frequencies around f<SUB>res</SUB>. The SWR meter of my
antenna tuner claims an SWR of 1.5, but tuner-SWR indications are not
known for accuracy...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Will try it out as a transmitting
antenna next, and see if anyone can hear me! TX performance will be
reported here shortly.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 14 August '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">: I have rewound one of the
two coils into the opposite direction, and inserted the tuning rods. Measurement
results and observations:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">my miniVNA connected at after the 1 m
coax shows a SWR=2 bandwidth of 42 kHz, i.e., a respectable Q of 166. I
hate to admit it, but the the bandwidth and Q that I reported previously
where completely wrong. I assumed that the BW and Q indication of my
antenna analyzer GUI was automatic, once the "BW and Q enable" box was
checked. Well, it is, but not driven by the automatically determined
"lowest SWR" frequency, but purely based on the two marker frequencies
that are manually selected by the operator - me... Looking at the original
screen capture below, I find a BW of 45 kHz and a Q of 166 (after 15 mtrs
of coax).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">So, my PVC tubes<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>are</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>suitable for HF
applications.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">The old adage holds true: "<I>a fool
with a tool is still a fool!</I>"</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Based on the measurements, my
conclusion is that it doesn't make a difference whether the coils are
wound in opposite directions or not...</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Now I have to put the thing to the
test!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 10 August '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">: I have consulted with the
kind fellow-hams of the QRPproject forum. Suggestions and observations so far
are that:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the particular capacitor that I used
may not be suitable for HF.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the PVC that I used may not suitable
for HF-coils (should use polyethylene, nylon, ...)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">due to capacitive charge presented by
the metal tubes, the tube diameter is a critical
dimension.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I may have reduced the number of coil
turns too much.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">should be able to reduce the
resonance frequency by adding the tuning rods at the tip of the
tubes.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the original design calls for the two
coils to be wound in opposite directions. I.e., one clockwise, the other
counter-clockwise. In this respect, the dipole does not have two identical
halves!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the tuning rods must not make contact
with the copper tubes.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">check the frequency-marker settings
(I should have heeded this comment!)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I
briefly<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>repeated
the analyzer sweep</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>with a
1000 pF capacitor. The resonance frequency did not change (this confirms what is
pointed out in the manual: the capacitor is there to adapt the antenna impedance
to the coax<SPAN lang=en-us>, not for resonance</SPAN>)</FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">. However, the bandwidth increased
four-fold (really bad) and of course the Q reduced correspondingly. Also, the
real portion of the impedance has gone down by a factor of 2 (from 32 to 16
ohm). Looks like I should try 330 or 390 pF to get to 50
ohm.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-NVA-final.JPG"
width=639 height=484></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><BR><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Sweep of the antenna with its final dimensions and 15
mtr coax</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-NVA-final-w-choke.JPG"
width=641 height=495><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><BR>Sweep of
the antenna with its final dimensions, 15 mtr coax and a
choke-balun</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-NVA-1.JPG"
width=640 height=483><EM><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="size: 3"
face=Arial><STRONG> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" size=3 face=Arial><BR></FONT></SPAN></EM><SPAN
lang=en-us><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><STRONG>Sweep of the antenna response for the
prototype (too few coil turns) set-up<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT></FONT></I></SPAN><EM><SPAN><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><STRONG>and
470 pF</STRONG></FONT></FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2
face=Arial><BR>(I originally made the big mistake to misinterpret the indicated
BW and Q values)</FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-NVA-2.JPG"
width=584 height=445><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><BR><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Sweep of the antenna response for
the original set-up<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN><EM><STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">- with a 1000 pF
capacitor</FONT></FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><A
style="name: kgd-20-fd"></A><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3></FONT></EM></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-20-fd.JPG"
width=228 align=left height=36></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">have also constructed the 20 meter version, just for
fun, because 1) it is easy, 2) I was curious to see how well it performs, and 3)
because I still had the coil core and coils of my first prototype 40 meter KGD.
Using the formula above, I would need only 35 turns. Based on the final number
of turns of my 40 meter version, I would end up with 38 turns. I started with
40, but this turned to be still too few (or the copper tube to short). With the
tuning rods sticking out 60 mm, the resonance frequency was close to 14900 kHz,
SWR about 1.6, R about 33 ohms (the latter could also be caused by tolerance of
the 200 pF capacitor). Pulling out the rods to 150 mm lowered the resonance
frequency to about 14400 kHz, and SWR to below 1.2. So I made a new coil core
and used longer copper tubes.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-table-20m-final.JPG"
width=736 height=187><BR><EM><STRONG><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>final</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>dimensions</FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>of<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>my</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>20 m KGD<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>antenna</FONT></FONT></STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2 face=Arial><BR>(same coil
parameters for 0.8 mm copper wire and AWG #20)</FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The list of components for the 20 mtr KGD is basically
the same as for the 40 mtr KGD, except that:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the PVC tube is now 22 (≈ 9") cm
long</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the sections of copper pipe are only
50 cm (20") long</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">the capacitor is 220 pF (at least 5
kV rating)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>a total of ab</SPAN>out 7 mtr o<SPAN
lang=en-us>f 0.8 mm wire is used for the coils</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">tuning rods are 25 cm (10") of 4 mm
brass rod (not threaded)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Again, I
added a 75 cm section of 15 mm diam. PVC tube to guide the coax perpendicularly
away from the coil core.</FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>See
KGD-40-FD construction above.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-pvc-dimensions-20mtr.JPG"
width=752 height=231></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><EM><STRONG><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Dimensions of the PVC-tube center
section - final design for my 20 mtr
version</FONT></SPAN></STRONG></EM></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-components-20mtr.JPG"
width=745 height=317><EM><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><SPAN
lang=en-us><STRONG><BR><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The components of my 20
mtr KGD prototype</FONT></STRONG></SPAN></FONT></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><EM><SPAN><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" size=2
face=Arial><STRONG>(coil core and coils salvaged from my prototype 40 mtr KGD
(35 cm Cu tubes; ruler scale in cm)</STRONG></FONT><FONT style="size: 2"
face=Arial><BR> </FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 6 Feb 2010</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><BLINK><FONT
style="COLOR: #00ff00" face=Arial><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">successful
test!</FONT></B></FONT></BLINK><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff"
face=Arial></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Of course, once tuned, I had to put
the antenna to the test. I positioned the tuning rods for 14230 kHz, and
used my antenna tuner to tune the residual SWR from 1.5:1 to 1:1. Very
easy! I turned the antenna such that the legs are pointing east-west.
Assuming a standard dipole radiation pattern, the lobes would be
north-south.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Now, how do you a reasonably
objective test the antenna all by yourself? Simply by transmitting SSTV
images and checking one of the standard SSTV webcam sites. I.e., use a
remote receiver. I used the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://g0hwc.com/world_wide_live_sstv.html"'
target=_blank>GØHWC SSTV-cam</A> (others that I use are<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://ae6jn.dyndns.org:8080/wwsstv.html"'
target=_top>here</A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(AE6JN),<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.wd7f.com/sstv/"' target=_blank>here</A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(WD7F) and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.slowscantv.com/"'
target=_blank>here</A>).</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial">I was very (!!) pleasantly surprised to find that
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A style='href: "http://oz5agq.dk/"'
target=_blank>receiver of OZ5AGQ</A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>had actually received me<SPAN
lang=en-us>, see image below. His station is located about 25 km northwest
of Copenhagen, some1560 km (≈ 1000 miles) north of my QTH (25º E).
So the antenna works quite nicely for its size! Note that this test was
done at noon time, with the antenna horizontal, and placed close to (and
on the south side of) my apartment.</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">One more observation: as pointed out
before, these KGD antennas are for low-power! I transmitted with about 50
watts in Scottie 2 mode; after a single transmission (70 sec), the antenna
coils do get warm to the touch!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-SSTV-OZ5AGQ.JPG"
width=320 height=256></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-on-mast.JPG"
width=413 height=547></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 30 Jan 2010</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:</FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><B><FONT
style="COLOR: #008000" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">final</FONT></FONT></B></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">I have built a new coil core with
plenty of turns (2 x 44) and 2 x 50 cm copper tubes. I want to be able to
use the antenna for narrow-band digi modes (14060-14080 kHz) and SSTV
(14230 kHz). So I increased the resonance frequency until it was slightly
high. See table below. The resonance frequency increased170 kHz (at 44
wdgs) to 250 kHz (at 33 wdgs) per reduction by one coil
turn.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">Tuning down to the desired frequency
is then done with the brass tuning rods. Last month I figured out an
easier way to fix the tuning rods in place. It can be used with both
threaded rods and smooth rods. It is a simple plastic strain-relief
fitting for cables (UK: "cable gland", D: "Kabelverschraubung"). See photo
immediately below. The ones that I use fit snugly into the copper pipe,
and hold a non-threaded M4 brass rod firmly in place when tightened. This
allows for very simple and quick adjustment, a lot easier than tediously
screwing in/out a threaded M6 rod (the "official" design). I have since
added small rings of shrink tube to the smooth rods, to mark preferred rod
positions.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 28 Mar 2010</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">: had a very solid Hell QSO
with Jan, SP3AMZ (1465 km, 60 deg NE)). Last night, I nearly had a QSO with a
station near Seattle (8600 km, 325 deg)</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-strain-relief.JPG"
width=749 height=132><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><BR><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">A tuning rod and strain-relief
fitting</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-rod-options.JPG"
width=747 height=243><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><BR><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">The two tuning rod constructions
side by side</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<DIV
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center>
<TABLE id=table2 class=MsoTableGrid
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; FONT-FAMILY: ; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; COLOR: #000000; BORDER-LEFT: medium none"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=535 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=62 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turns</FONT></FONT></B></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=66 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">resonance freq<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></B></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><B><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(kHz)</FONT></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=65 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">SWR</FONT></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=50 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Rs</FONT></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=52 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Polar</FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ization</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
width=123 align=right>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><B><SPAN><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Tuning r</FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">od</FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">insertion</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11660</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.09</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">54</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4
mm</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN lang=en-us>125 mm</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11708</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.17</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">57</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">M6 <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>100
mm</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11680</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.56</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">72</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">M6 <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>100
mm</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11840</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.29</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">59</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4
mm</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 6cm
out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11850</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.3</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">60</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4
mm</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 6cm
out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12130</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.4</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">60</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12130</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.46</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">63</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12130</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.16</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">43</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">41</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12632</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.27</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">47</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">41</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12160</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.23</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">42</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4
mm</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><SPAN lang=en-us>125 mm</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">41</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12074</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.27</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">40</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4
mm</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">170 mm
out</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">41</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12188</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.25</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">42</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">M6 <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>100
mm</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">41</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12634</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.29</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">44</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">36</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">13600</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.56</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">53</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">36</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">13624</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.5</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">55</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">34</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14112</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.6</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">67</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">34</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14118</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.75</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">69</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">33</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14333</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.21</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">60</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">33</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14342</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.4</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">67</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">H</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">none</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">33</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14066</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.22</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">58</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4 mm</FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 54 mm
out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=62>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">33</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=66>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">14208</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=65>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">1.22</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=50>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">58</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=52>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">V</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD>
<TD
style="BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0pt; PADDING-TOP: 0pt; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt"
vAlign=top width=123>
<P class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">4 mm</FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 22 mm
out</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 6px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Tuning data for the final
KGD-20-FD</FONT><BR><FONT style="size: 2">(via 40 ft coax, current
choke)<BR> </FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 19 November 2009</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">experiment</FONT></B></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">As stated before, the KGDs are rather
narrow-bandwidth antennas. On 20 mtrs, I'd like to be able to work on two
frequencies: 14230 kHz (SSTV) and around 14070 kHz (Hellschreiber). So I
decided to add a switch to each of the coils of my prototype KGD-20-FD.
The idea being to short out several turns in each coil, thereby shifting
the resonance frequency. The photo below shows the switches installed
across the last four turns of each coil. No significant voltage is induced
across these turns, so no special switches
required.</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=14 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blueball.GIF" width=14
height=14></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">As shown in the table below: a
frequency shift of 1.45 MHz (!) for shorting the last four turns of each
coil. The switches work, but the antenna has to be tuned for the lower
resonance frequency of interest,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>with</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the switches installed! I am only
looking for a shift of 170 kHz, so I have to see if this can be achieved
with shorting fewer turns or even a partial turn.
Tricky!</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-20-switch-table.JPG"
width=418 height=211><BR><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Influence of the coil-shortening
switches on the characteristics of the KGD-20-FD
prototype<BR></FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><IMG
border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/KGD-20-FD-w-switches.JPG"
width=744 height=266><BR></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">KGD-20-FD
prototype nr.1 with coil-shortening switches across four
turns<BR> </FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-FD-vna-no-switch.JPG"'
target=_blank><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/KGD-20-FD-vna-no-switch-small.JPG"
width=177 height=136></A><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-FD-vna-2-switches-open.JPG"'
target=_blank><FONT face="Times New Roman"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/KGD-20-FD-vna-2-switches-open-small.JPG"
width=179 height=136></FONT></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-FD-vna-1-switch-open.JPG"'
target=_blank><FONT face="Times New Roman"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/KGD-20-FD-vna-1-switch-open-small.JPG"
width=190 height=136></FONT></A><SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-20-FD-vna-2-switches-closed.JPG"'
target=_blank><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/KGD-20-FD-vna-2-switches-closed-small.JPG"
width=181 height=137></A></SPAN><BR></FONT><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
lang=en-us> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>No
switches <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us> <SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN lang=en-us>Both
switches</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>open
One switch
closed
Both switches closed</FONT><BR><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="size: 2">(click on
image to get full-size)<BR> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></I></B></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Fall '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">:</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I have also
tried to tune my prototype KGD-20-FD. The initial resonance frequency was
already too high (14910 kHz, SWR 1:1.56, Rs of only 35 ohms). So reducing the
number of turns wasn't going to help me. I could only play with the tuning
rods. Changing the rod position from 58 mm sticking out to 168 mm sticking
out (the max), the resonance frequency went down to 14426 kHz, and SWR went down
to 1:1.24. That is, the resonance frequency goes down when the rods are
inserted. Note that this opposite to what I have observed for my 40 mtr KGD!.
Oddly, lowest resonance frequency (14384 kHz) and lowest SWR (1:1.13) was
obtained with the rods sticking out 150 mm. It looks like I need to change one
or more parameters: increase number of turns even more, or use copper pipes that
are longer than the original spec. I am using copper pipes that have a smaller
diameter than the aluminium pipes of the original design. The difference may
have a more pronounced effect as the pipes become shorter... The low impedance
may at least partially be caused by the actual value of the capacitor being
high: the cap has ±20% tolerance... I have several more of these capacitors on
hand, so I tried several: no significant change. Removing the 12 mtr coax cable
and attaching the analyzer directly at the short coax of the antenna<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>did</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>change resonance frequency, SWR and
impedance significantly! See table below. The table also shows that the
capacitor value does<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>not</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>change the resonance frequency. Per
design, it is only there for adapting the antenna impedance to the coax
impedance.<BR> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-table-20m-caps.JPG"
width=479 height=207></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><BR>Influence of coax and capacitor
on characteristics of the 20 mtr KGD prototype</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="size: 2"><BR></FONT></SPAN></FONT></I></B><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><FONT
style="size: 2" face=Arial><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3></FONT></EM></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><IMG
border=0 src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-80-fd.JPG"
width=266 align=left height=46></FONT></EM><FONT
style="face: arial"></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><B><I><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="size: 2"><A
style="name: kgd-80-fd"></A></FONT></SPAN></FONT></I></B><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">am
using<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_ZS6BKW.htm"'><SPAN
lang=en-us>my Z</SPAN>S6BWK<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=en-us>multiband<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>dipole</A></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>a<SPAN lang=en-us>s my primary
antenna for the 80 mtr band. At my location, I can only use it in an inverted-L
configuration, and cannot leave it installed permanently. So, why not give the
80 mtr version of the KGD a try? I am using standard 32 mm diameter PVC pipe,
sleeves and end-caps from the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="face: arial">Do-It-Yourself</FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>store. As the antenna "legs" are at
least 1m6 long (≈ 5ft), I have opted for 2½ meter long aluminium tubing with an
OD of 7.5 mm (5.5 mm ID), rather than copper pipe. Copper would be to heavy. I
will tap an M6 thread into the pipe.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-80-PVC.JPG"
width=747 height=153></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-80-coils.JPG"
width=745 height=196></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><B><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Update 27 December '09</FONT></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="face: arial">: as the photo below shows,
with nearly 5</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us>½ meter (18 ft) span, the dipole is a
little wide for my terrace (no, this was not a surprise!). Also, my "mast" is
only 2 meters high, so vertical installation is also not (yet) an option. Note
that the original KGD-spec prescribes vertical installation if the height is
less than<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">1/8 λ. Obviously my umbrella stand is not
10 m tall...<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"> Anyway, I
hooked up the analyzer to get a quick impression: resonance (with an impedance
quite close to 50 ohms "real") at about 1.6 MHz, below the160 meter band! Oh
well...</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD-80-installed.JPG"
width=745 height=566></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">While I was at it, I did some more experiments. I
removed one "leg" of the dipole, removed the coax and capacitor, connected the
coils in series, connected the center of the coax to the end of the bottom coil,
and the braid of the coax to the down spout of the rain gutter (total length
over 70+ meters (230 ft)). Now I can install it on top of the
mast.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Got resonance at 2.058 MHz with an SWR of 1.14.
Resonance frequency too low (coil has too many turns and/or tube too long). I
clipped a wire across the bottom coil and measured again. Resonance had gone up
to 2.922 MHz with an SWR of 1.1. Also noticed a second resonance dip at 10.666
MHz but with an SWR of 1.8. The table below shows the measurement results of
other configurations. In case you wonder why I used a length of 7 meters for the
radial wire: I just happened to have a 7 m section of household hook-up wire
laying around.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">It (finally!!) occurred to me that in the
configuration with the rain gutter, the actual radiator is the gutter and the
"antenna" is the counterpoise. Other than the low resonance frequency, the
configuration on the first line of the table is actually pretty good (besides
efficiency). None of the other configurations appealed to me, so I have decided
to abandon this antenna for the time being. I did re-use the coil core and
aluminium tubing in<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_antenna_80m_vertical.htm"'
target=antennas>my 80 m short vertical</A></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>- with
success!</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<DIV
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center>
<TABLE id=table1 style="COLOR: #000000" width="86%" border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><I><B><FONT
style="size: 2" face=Arial><SPAN lang=en-us>Coil
turns</SPAN></FONT></B></I></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><SPAN
lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial>radiator length
(cm)</FONT></I></B></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><SPAN
lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial>resonance freq
(kHz)</FONT></I></B></SPAN></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><FONT style="size: 2"
face=Arial>SWR</FONT></B></I></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><FONT style="size: 2"
face=Arial>Rs</FONT></B></I></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><FONT style="size: 2"
face=Arial>Counterpoise</FONT></B></I></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><I><B><FONT style="size: 2"
face=Arial>Feedline</FONT></B></I></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">112</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2922</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.06</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">49</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3116</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.17</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">56</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">100</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">240</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3165</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.33</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">240</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3776</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.5</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">74</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3721</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.6</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">77</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3548</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2.7</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>7<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3924</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">59</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">450 ohm + 4:1 balun</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2972</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2.3</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">42</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">450 ohm + 4:1 balun</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2972<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>/<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>7840</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2.3<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>/<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>1.12</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">42<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>/<SPAN lang=en-us><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>51</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">gutter</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">450 ohm</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3558</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">2.8</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3832</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.3</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">64</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">70</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3828</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.4</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">69</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN lang=en-us>7+2<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">65</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3974</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.26</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">62</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">83</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3802</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">46</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">111</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3240</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.13</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">45</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">106</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3328</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.12</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">46</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">98</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3476</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.11</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">46</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">92</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3610</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">41</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=86 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">94</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=103 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">250</FONT></P></TD>
<TD width=105 align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">3568</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">1.1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">46</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">radial 7m</FONT></P></TD>
<TD align=center>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px"><FONT style="size: 2"
face="Times New Roman">coax + choke</FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><EM><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="80%"
height=3><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="80%"
height=3></FONT></EM></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><A style="name: kgd-80-fd-mk2"></A><B><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="size: 4" face=Arial>APRIL 2014</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN><FONT
style="size: 4" face=Arial>: I have decided to give the KGD-80 another chance
-<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT style="size: 4"
face=Arial><EM>the short hatted 80m dipole: the KGD-80-FD Mk
2</EM></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><EM><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><STRONG>Original KGD-80
(kit):</STRONG></FONT></FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">dipole legs: 160 cm each (5 ft 3"),
20 mm (≈3/4") diameter aluminium tubing</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">loading coils: 258 turns on 20 mm
diam. delrin rod; 120<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial">μ</FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">H
according to coil calculators (ref. 2-4)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">coupling: beta-match coil, 2+2
turns</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 6px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><EM>KGD-80-FD Mk2 - VERTICAL</EM></FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">dipole legs: 200cm each (6 ft 7"), 20
mm (≈3/4") diameter aluminium tubing = standard DIY store in
this area</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">loading coils - V1: 1.5 mm diam CuL
on 50 mm diam (2") PVC core</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">loading coils - V2: 1.5 mm or 0.8 mm
(#20 AWG) enameled copper wire on T200-2 iron powder
core</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">tuning rods: 50 cm (20") each, 4mm
diam. brass tubing (rod would be OK, but heavier)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">center insulator: 20 mm delrin
rod</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">end-hat loading: 6 spokes/radials of
50 cm (20") length, 3mm diam. brass rod, with perimeter wire
("skirt") = 1.25 mm diam installation wire, stretched with bench vise (to
straighten it)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">installation: horizontal 50mm PVC
tube x 2m, 50 --> 32mm redux, 32 mm T, clips</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">horizontal 300 ohm ladder line/window
line to automatic antenna tuner</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><SPAN
lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial">coupling: beta-match shunt-coil, 4
turns; to be optimized empirically and/or via 4NEC2 simulation; simple,
wide-band, low loss, reduces static charge ( = noise) between dipole
legs</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Yes., I
know: I am mixing metals (aluminimum, brass, stainless steel) and there will be
bi-metallic corrosion effects at their junctions. But this antenna is
experimental, and not a commercial product...</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-80FDMk2-dlrn-mountng-adaprt.JPG"
width=795 height=529></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Adapter for mounting the dipole's
center insulator to a 2m long horizontal section of PVC
tubing</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<UL
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">50 mm diameter (2 ") PVC
fem-fem coupler; screwed to pergola</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">200 cm (6 ft) section of
50 mm diameter (2 ") PVC tubing</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">50 mm diameter (2 ") PVC
fem-fem coupler, sliced, screwed to pergola</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">50 mm diameter (2 ") PVC
fem-fem coupler</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">50 mm to 32 mm PVC
adapter</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">5 cm section of 32 mm
diameter PVC tubing</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">32 mm PVC T-piece, 3x
fem</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">2x 7 cm sectoin of 32 mm
diameter PVC tubing</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">18 mm diam clips and
mounting bolts</FONT></FONT></P></LI></UL>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">Insert plot: 4NEC2:
vertical dipole, h = 2m4, 2 x 2m Alu tube, no coils, no
hats</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">Insert plot: 4NEC2:
vertical dipole, h = 2m4, 2x 2 m alu tube, no coils,
hats</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">Insert plot: 4NEC2:
vertical dipole, h = 2m4, 2 x 2 m alu tube, coils, hats</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">Insert plot 4NEc2:
horizontal dipole, h = 2m4, 2 x 2m alu tube, same as above --> NVIS: high
take-off angle</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">As
stated above, t</FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">he original design calls for for loading coils of 120
μH at the feed point. They are wound onto the 20 mm diam. insulator between the
dipole tubes. I decided to try something else. I had two iron-powder toroidal
cores from an antenna tuner project. They are type T-200-2 (i.e., 2.00 inch
outer diameter and material nr. 2). Iron-powder cores are suitable for high "Q"
inductors, and are hard to drive into saturation - unlike ferrite cores. Cores
of "type 2" material are used in automatic antenna tuners such as the LDG model
AT-100 (1 kW) and the Elecraft model KAT2.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Material
"type 2" has an A<SUB>L</SUB><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>of
120: 100 coil turns should result in 120 μH inductance. These cores fit about 5
meters of 0.8 mm enameled copper wire. With 95 turns (and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><EM>my</EM><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>winding technique) I obtained an
inductance of 117 μH. Close enough.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD80-MK2-T200-2-coils.jpg"
width=541 height=397></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Experimental loading coils: 95 turns
on T-200-2 iron powder core = 117<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><EM>μ</EM></FONT></B></FONT><SPAN lang=en-us><B><I><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">H</FONT></FONT></I></B></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">With
these coils, the resonant frequency of the antenna (installed vertically, feed
point about 240 cm off the ground) was 2.7 MHz. See the analyzer plot
below</FONT></FONT><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">:</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD80-MK2-VNA-T200-2-b.jpg"
width=812 height=609></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Note
that the SWR is 2:1, as I have<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><U>not</U><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>installed an impedance adapter at the
feedpoint. I will experiment with a "beta match" coil between the dipole
legs.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">As the
dipole legs are 0.4 m longer than the 1.6 m in the original design, it was to be
expected that the resonance frequency is well below 3.6 MHz.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD80-MK2-VNA-T200-2-a.jpg"
width=816 height=614></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I also
have two coils of 77<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">μH from an other dipole
experiment. I will repeat the test with these coils.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD80-MK2-50mm-coils.jpg"
width=604 height=339></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><B><I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Experimental loading coils: 42
turns of 0.8 mm (#20 AWG) enameled copper wire on 50 mm diam. PVC tubing =
77<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></I></B></FONT></SPAN><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><EM>μ</EM></FONT></FONT><I><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">H</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I></B></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><SPAN lang=en-us><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">(according to various calculators, these coils should
have an inductance of 67-71<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT></FONT></I></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial><EM>μ</EM></FONT></FONT><I><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT
style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">H; ref.
2-5)</FONT></FONT></SPAN></I><SPAN lang=en-us><I><FONT style="COLOR: #800080"
face=Arial></FONT></I></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT style="face: arial"><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-KGD80-MK2-spokes-a.jpg"
width=818 height=598></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 6px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Close-up of end-hat of six spokes of 50 cm (20") and
tuning rod barely sticking out of the tube</FONT></FONT></B></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">I made a
4NEC2 model of this antenna, both with and without end-hats (ref. 8). The
difference in current-distribution clearly shows the advantage of the end-hats:
with the hats, the current does not taper to zero at the tip of the dipole legs.
So the area of the surface that is delimited by the green current-distribution
line and the pink dipolel legs, is larger then without the hats.
</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/4NEC2-KGD80-Mk2-crrnt-w-wo-hats-h2m4.jpg"
width=663 height=616></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 12px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><B><FONT style="COLOR: #800080" face=Arial><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Current distribution -<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">KGD-80-FD without hats (left) and with hats
(right)</FONT></I></FONT></B></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Measured
resonance frequencies vs loading coil inductance:</FONT></FONT></P>
<UL
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">0 μH : 17.73
MHz</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">117 μH : 2.00 MHz, 95
turns on T-200-2 core</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">77 μH : 2.66
MHz</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">67 μH : 2.96
MHz</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">53 μH : 3.36 MHz, Rs =16
Ω; coils: 50 mm ID, 0.8 mm CuL, 30 turns</FONT></FONT></P>
<UL>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">coils 29 T:
f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>= 3.4 MHz,
Rs=14 Ω;</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">coils 29 T + 7μH beta (7
T, 32mm ID): f<SUB>res</SUB><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>=
4 MHz, Rs=150 Ω</FONT></FONT></P></LI></UL>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">51 μH : 3.36
MHz</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">41 μH : 3.84 MHz (coils:
50 mm ID, 0.8 mm CuL, 24 turns)</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">33 μH : 4.2 MHz, 45 turns
on T-200-2 core</FONT></FONT></P></LI></UL>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Interpolation --> 46 μH for 3.59 MHz; e.g. T130-2
with 65 turns, or T-200-2 with 62 turns (per ref. 3). Actual:
TBD.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Beta-match coil (placed between the two dipole halves
(ref. 6):</FONT></FONT></P>
<UL
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">slighly shift the
resonance frequency downward (TBC), like the loading coils.</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">so must tune the antenna
(without beta-match coil installed) to a frequency slightly above the desired
resonance frequency (slightly larger loading coils). This make antenna
slightly capacitive at the feedpoint at the desired resonance frequency.
Placing a small, appropriately dimensioned coil across the feedpoint ( =
paralell to the impedance of the antenna) will raise the resistance closer to
50 Ω, reduce the reactance closer zero, thereby reducing VSWR closer to
1:1.</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Example:</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Spreadsheet: ref.
9</FONT></FONT></P>
<LI>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=justify><FONT
style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">ca. 1 μH, e.g, 32 mm ID, 7
turns, 1.5 mm diam. copper installation wire, turn-spacing 3 mm, total coil
height 31 mm.</FONT></FONT></P></LI></UL>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Clearly,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>physically</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>the antenna is a<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>symmetrical</I><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>dipole. But due to the vertical
installation, one end is much closer to the ground than the opposite end. This
means that the loading by the ground is<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><I>asymmetrical</I>. This can be
compensated by off-center feeding and/or by using a smaller loading coil in the
lower dipole leg than in the upper leg (ref. 10).</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">Next
gen: braze Alu rods onto Alu tubing with Alu welding rod and blowtorch, or
welding. Avoid mixing metals, corrosion.</FONT></FONT></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt"></FONT></FONT> </P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><B><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">References:</FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<TABLE
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: #000000; LETTER-SPACING: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 2</STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">: "</FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://deepfriedneon.com/tesla_f_calchelix.html"'
target=_blank>Helical coil calculator</A></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">"</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>3</STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">: "</FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://lcbsystems.com/InduCalc.html"'>K1QW Inductor
Calculators</A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial">"</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 4</STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">: "</FONT><FONT style="COLOR: #0000ff" face=Arial><A
style='href: "http://hamwaves.com/antennas/inductance.html"'
target=_blank>ON4AA Single-layer Helical Round Wire Coil Inductor
Calculator</A></FONT><FONT style="face: arial">"</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
face=Arial><STRONG>Ref. 5</STRONG>: "<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: "><A
style='href: "http://toroids.info/T130-2.php"' target=_blank>Turns-length
calculator for ferrite and iron powder core
toroids</A>"</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 6</STRONG></FONT><FONT
style="face: arial">: "<A style='href: "http://w4rnl.net46.net/beta.html"'
target=_blank>The Beta Match: 2 Views</A>", L.B. Cebik (W4RNL,
SK)</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 7</STRONG><SPAN><EM>:<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></EM>"<A
style='href: "http://w4rnl.net46.net/vhat.html"' target=_blank>A triangle
for the Short Vertical Operator</A>"</SPAN></FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="face: arial"><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>[hatted
short dipoles], L.B. Cebik (W4RNL, SK)</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref.<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>8</STRONG><SPAN><EM>:</EM><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>4NEC2 model of KGD-80-FD<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/misc-ant/4NEC2-KGD80FD-no-hats.nec"'
target=_blank>without hats</A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/misc-ant/4NEC2-KGD80FD-w-hats.nec"'
target=_blank>with hats<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></A>(with loading coils and
installed 2.4 m above average ground),<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN></SPAN>, Frank Dörenberg, N4SPP,
25-May-2014</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><B>Ref. 9</B>: "<A
style='href: "http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/misc-ant/N4SPP-beta-match-coil-calculation.xls"'
target=_blank>Beta-match Coil Calculator for Known Antenna Impedance</A>",
Frank Dörenberg, N4SPP, 25-May-2014</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=baseline width=42><IMG hspace=13 alt=bullet
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/redball.gif" width=15
height=15></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width="100%">
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px" align=left><FONT
style="face: arial"><STRONG>Ref. 10</STRONG><SPAN>: "<A
style='href: "http://www.qsl.net/hb9mtn/hb9mtn_vertdip.html"'
target=_blank>Vertical dipole for 40m (and higher)</A>", Ed Bosshard
(HB9MTN)</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><EM><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="size: 2" face=Arial><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/blue_line.GIF" width="100%"
height=3></FONT></SPAN></EM></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=justify><SPAN lang=en-us><FONT style="face: arial"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.6pt">One of these days I will go back to playing with KGD
antennas. I have a projects in mind: remote motorized tuning of the
resonance frequency. motorized tuning: the tuning rods would be moved in &
out of the tube ends. Alternatively, a tuning core (ferromagnetic material, or
brass rod) could be moved in & out of each coil</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P
style="FONT-FAMILY: ; WHITE-SPACE: normal; WORD-SPACING: 0px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; COLOR: ; LETTER-SPACING: normal; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"
align=center><IMG border=0
src="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/img-ant/antenna-kgd-motorization.JPG"
width=742 height=367></P>
<DIV style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000">73's de
Carlos CT1GFQ<BR>SKCC#466C www.skccgroup.com<BR>REP#1406
www.rep.pt</DIV></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>