Como tudo começou, leia o artigo do Lubijca Popa YU7EF<div>Muito interessante !<br><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><table border="0" width="756" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="31">
<tbody><tr><td width="100%" height="23"><div align="center"><center><table border="0" width="91%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" align="center" bgcolor="#CCFF99"><b><font color="#800000" face="Verdana" size="4">EF0210LT</font></b></td>
</tr></tbody></table></center></div></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="50"> <table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" height="81"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" height="81"><p align="center"><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">ANTENNA WITH EXTREMELY SUPPRESED SIDELOBES </font></b></p>
<p align="center"><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">TO MINIMIZE MAN MADE NOISE PICKUP</font></b></p><p align="center"><b><font face="Verdana" size="3">( PUBLISHED IN DUBUS 4/2006 )</font></b></p><p align="center"> </p></td>
</tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="29"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Ever since I started working on 144MHz, back in 1985, my major problem was fighting with a city noise (man made noise) since I live in a medium sized city but with a lot of industrial facilities. Sometimes noise was just unbearable in some particular directions and it was almost impossible to listen for a weak signals. At that time I was using very popular and well known DL6WU 11 element yagi – very good performance antenna but obviously still not good enough – now I see and know why. Most of my activity those days was high speed CW MS and all of you that have done that kind of communication know that very often reflections were weak, particularly when we operated out of major meteor showers, trying to use sporadic meteors.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Later I have built a new 15 element DL6WU antenna that gave me better results noise vise and more gain but it was not that efficient in collecting signals reflected from meteors due to narrow beam width.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">As soon I got my first PC in 1991 (286/12MHz with math coprocessor and 5MB RAM) I came across “Mininec 1” software for antenna simulations and started “playing” with it. It was very useful to visualize antenna patterns and excitation parameters. However, due to very slow computer it was painful to do it - just for one calculation I had to wait for 15 to 20 minutes to end. Very quickly I got W7EL program “Elnec 1.0” that was much more user friendly so I was spending more and more time analyzing various antennas and trying to do some modifications to existing ones. As a result, I came to somehow modified design of 4 WL DL6WU antenna and have built it immediately to see if that really works. To make it short, it was noticeably better than original antenna and that gave me first ideas of where design has to go to reduce city noise pickup. With those two antennas stacked vertically I even worked quite some number of EME stations in early 90’s, only in CW, using only my TR-9000 and about 500w power amplifier.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Later, with AO software that was even better, having optimization feature available, actually I started designing my own antennas, rather than just doing modifications to published designs. Once I got NEC2 program things were much better and results were more reliable and I am using it ever since. There are many different programs at the market today but most of them are giving similar results and the difference is just how the authors have developed user interface and couple of different options. For several years now I am using 4nec2 software from Arie Voors, in my opinion currently the best software available.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Being intrigued with antenna performance I have spent many hours analyzing any antenna I came across in various magazines and publications, just to verify declared specifications and see if they are really that good as they say. Well, I must say that probably > 70% of those antennas were not even close to declared specifications and were all but good and just a few actually confirmed declared specifications. Doing those analyses I also realized how many mistakes were made and some statements were false, no wonder good antennas were rare those days. Having all that in mind, ever since then, I never used any other antennas but my own designs.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Naturally, it took me many years and thousands of hours on simulations and optimizations until I came to designs that are compatible to some of most famous designs. For a long time I was actually walking in the dark, not being able to make a brake through how to get rid of those side lobes since I did realize they are to blame for increased local, man made noise pickup.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Thanks to Peter Sundberg program Yagi Analysis 3.54 I finally had an opportunity to actually “see” where the problem really is, since it is obviously showing what part of radiation pattern is to blame for good or poor noise specification of the antenna. Only with that program I could see that total antenna temperature is mostly dependant on suppression of side lobes and clear pattern. At the same time, it was obvious that F/B ratio is not so important since difference from say 20dB to a 25dB would reduce total temperature only few °K which is not worth too much sacrifice. Many designs might have been much better if only people doing them were not so much focused on F/B ratio that, on the other hand, led to poor side lobe suppression.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">As every optimization is a “game” with various trade off parameters, I was focused on getting design with pure 50 Ohm impedance, reasonably wide operating range, gain as close to FOM as per DL6WU formula and suppressed side lobes to acceptable level in order to get as good G/T ratio as possible.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Most of those designs were tested by myself or my friends and results were very good. However, for a very long time I did not publish my designs for various reasons. Finally, after several friends told me I should do it, I have sent files to Lionel VE7BQH for his review and opinion. After they were published in his chart, many people started asking questions and information and I decided to publish them on the WEB as I was not able to answer numerous mails I was receiving on daily basis.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">However, I am confident that each and every of these antennas can be improved even more, so I will continue working on them and hopefully will come up with even better results so there is definitely more to follow.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">*****************************************************************************</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">When I started this article I was thinking what antenna should I present and it didn’t look reasonable to pickup one of the antennas already published on the WEB. Instead, I have decided to be an antenna that was especially developed for those living in extremely noisy areas such as big cities or huge industrial facilities who are suffering the most from man made noise.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">As I said before, I was always fighting with heavy city noise and was always trying to figure out way to reduce it as much as possible. In order to get antenna with maximum suppression of side lobes it is necessary to give up much more gain than usual. Idea is based on my consideration like this:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">If my antenna has to pick up noise from all directions, and it does, let me than reduce pick up from all other directions but from main lobe. I will give up some more gain than usual for superior side lobe suppression but incoming signals will be heard with less birdies and other junk.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">As a result, antenna that will be presented here is something that can not be considered as a top class antenna by looking to gain or G/T ratio. As a matter of fact, if someone will compare gain of this antenna with some other designs of the same boom length, it is about 0.5-0.6dB below the DL6WU F.O.M. (figure of merit) for that boom length. I am considering it worth doing and acceptable if I can reduce city noise pick up.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">This boom length is chosen as, from my experience, such antenna has optimal -3dB beam width for MS and terrestrial communications. Two of those vertically stacked antennas will give us more than sufficient gain for successful work on daily basis and H stack of four antennas should be sufficient even for EME .</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Since there are so many different ways of antenna construction and element mounting I am always giving free space dimensions for elements – letting everyone to execute building preferred way. Naturally, <font color="#FF0000">depending on the chosen construction technique, appropriate boom correction to the element lengths has to be applied in order to maintain original specifications.</font></font></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="45"><p align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><span>Table with dimensions:</span></font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="641" style="width: 481pt; border-collapse: collapse; ">
<tbody><tr style="height: 21.95pt; "><td width="641" nowrap colspan="11" align="center" style="width: 481pt; border-top-style: double; border-bottom-style: double; border-left-style: double; border-top-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: double; border-right-color: black; border-right-width: 2.25pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">EF0210LT ANTENNA FREE SPACE DIMENSIONS</span></b></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 21.95pt; "><td nowrap align="center" style="border-right-style: double; border-bottom-style: double; border-left-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></b></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">REF</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">DE (10mm)</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D1</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D2</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D3</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D4</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D5</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D6</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D7</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">D8</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 21.95pt; "><td nowrap align="center" style="border-right-style: double; border-bottom-style: double; border-left-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">SPACINGS</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">0</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">280</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">387</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">744</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">1318</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">1984</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">2727</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">3536</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">4390</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">5190</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 21.95pt; "><td nowrap align="center" style="border-right-style: double; border-bottom-style: double; border-left-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-left-width: 2.25pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">5 mm</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">1028</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">1004</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">970</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">957</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">936</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">916</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">896</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">876</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 0.5pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">840</span></p></td><td nowrap align="center" style="border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-style: double; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 2.25pt; border-right-style: double; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 2.25pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0.75pt; height: 21.95pt; ">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">79</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="100" align="left"><p align="left">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Driven element length shown in table is for an open dipole but, as always, I highly recommend use of folded dipole whenever possible for many reasons. If nothing else, folded dipole will collect far less static noise from the atmosphere than open dipole. Since impedance is optimized to pure 50 Ohm, folded dipole can be easy fed using traditional </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; "><font size="3">l</font></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">/2 * k<span> </span>4:1 balun. </span></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="10"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Since I learned from the correspondence with many hams that determining correct dimensions of the folded dipole seems to be a problem for many people, for your convenience here is drawing with complete dimensions for this particular antenna with 5.0mm elements</font><p align="center">
<img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_Folded%20Dipole.JPG" width="400" height="329"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="10"><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Single antenna free space gain</font></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_Gain.gif" width="752" height="245"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="20"><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2">F/B ratio</font></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_FB.gif" width="752" height="245"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1"> <p align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2">SWR Diagram</font></p><p align="center">
<img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_SWR.gif" width="752" height="246"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Single antenna horizontal plane radiation pattern:</font></span></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_E%20Pattern.gif" width="619" height="648"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1"><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Single antenna Vertical plane radiation pattern:</font></span></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF0210LT_H%20Pattern.gif" width="619" height="648"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">As it can be seen from radiation patterns, -3dB beam width is very good and therefore antennas can be stacked much closer which is very convenient. As per DL6WU stacking formula</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "> <span> </span><span> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; ">opt</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; "><span> </span>=<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Symbol; ">l</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; "> / sin </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Symbol; ">j</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; ">/2</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">optimum stacking distance for this antenna would be:</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Horizontal <span> </span>= <span> </span>3.0m</font></p>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Vertical <span> </span>= <span> </span>2.8m</font></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">With antennas stacked to this spacing, 4 yagi bay specifications will be:</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="3">Gain <span> </span><span> </span>19.78 dBi</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="3">Ta<span> </span><span> </span>224.5 K</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="3">G/T<span> </span><span> </span>-3.73 dB</font></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">and first side lobes would be down 11 – 12 dB - radiation patterns would look as shown:</font></span><p>
</p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1"><p align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Optimally spaced 4 yagi bay Horizontal plane pattern</font></span></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_E%20Pattern_%20Optimal%20Stack.gif" width="620" height="647"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Optimally spaced 4 yagi bay Vertical plane pattern</font></p>
<p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_H%20Pattern_%20Optimal%20Stack.gif" width="620" height="648"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">However, for those who still may think first side lobes will still pick up too much unwanted junk from the neighborhood, antennas can be stacked even closer to</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Horizontal = 2.5 m</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Vertical = 2.4 m</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">This way, with sacrifice of some additional 0.6dB of gain we will get almost ideal radiation pattern</font></span></p><p>
</p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Horizontal plane pattern</font></span><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_E%20Pattern.gif" width="619" height="648"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Vertical plane pattern</font></span></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_H%20Pattern.gif" width="619" height="648"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Close spaced 4 yagi bay 3D pattern</font></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_3D.JPG" width="500" height="637"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">In this case, specifications of the 4 yagi bay are:</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Gain <span> </span><span> </span>19.16 dBi</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Ta<span> </span><span> </span>211.4 °K</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font face="Verdana" size="2">G/T<span> </span><span> </span>-4.09 dB</font></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">and first side lobes would be down to as much as 17 – 18 dB.</font></span></p><p> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center">
<font face="Verdana" size="2">Closer spaced 4 yagi bay gain diagram:</font><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_Gain.gif" width="753" height="245"></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center">
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Closer spaced 4 yagi bay F/B diagram:</font></span></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_FB.gif" width="752" height="246"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Closer spaced 4 yagi bay SWR diagram</font></span></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/4%20x%20EF0210LT_SWR.gif" width="752" height="245"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="left"> <p><font face="Verdana" size="2">What is the difference of this antenna to other published designs?</font></p><p><font face="Verdana" size="2">Well, take a look to the following patterns and you will se how this antenna looks compared to popular and known designs. As an useful example I have chosen to compare it to a DL6WU 11 element yagi and 9 element DK7ZB antenna that are of about same boom length.</font></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Horizontal plane pattern comparison:</font></span></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF_WU_ZB_E%20Plane.gif" width="621" height="501"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Vertical plane pattern comparison:</font></span></p><p><img border="0" src="http://www.yu7ef.com/EF_WU_ZB_H%20Plane.gif" width="623" height="501"></p>
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">By looking at this comparison, I consider it worth giving up 0.5 – 0.6 dB of gain for such a clear pattern that will significantly reduce man made noise and junk pickup.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">All remarks and notes I have given on the WEB about construction of published antennas apply to this antenna entirely and they are the same so probably there is no need to repeat them.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><font face="Verdana" size="2">Unfortunately, I didn’t have time to actually build this antenna and have it tested but definitely it will be done in some time. If anyone of you would considerate worth trying it, I would appreciate honest, critical reports of performance as well as pictures of built antennas.</font></p>
<p> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center">
</td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="1" align="center"><p align="center"></p></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><br></span></div></div>