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<DIV>
<H1>NVIS history in UK and Europe</H1>
<P><FONT face=Verdana><STRONG>Stuart Rohre, K5KVH</STRONG>, is looking for
information regarding the history of <STRONG>Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
(NVIS)</STRONG> in the UK and Europe.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>He writes:</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave) as it is now
called, was the short range skywave skip employed by the many QRP rigs of the
Resistance in Europe during WW2.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Earlier, at the start of the war, the Blitz Kreig was
aided by short range HF radio communication; often from moving mobile
assets.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>A number of us in the NVIS reflector group, are piecing
together historical bits about the use of NVIS, its discovery and where, in the
various areas where we know it was important during WW2.</FONT></P>
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width=140></A></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Already we have an account of reports from 1938 that
surfaced after the war with Japan, on Japanese experiments and frequency
prediction programs for use of HF for short range communications.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>I have relayed what I knew of post Emergency NVIS
operations by the Malaysian government dept. serving the aborigines in deep
jungle. (1966 to 1968). This was an outgrowth of earlier work during the Malayan
Emergency to perfect NVIS use for the Field Forces and Army units battling the
insurgency. (1948 to 1963.) The earlier work resulted in the Shirley antenna,
and the Jamaica antenna. The first was phased folded dipole beams placed close
to the ground for extra gain straight up.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>We know about and have pictures of some German Army units
mobile antennas during WW2, but don't know what research went into their
application of low, loop like antennas on vehicles. From the pictures, it even
appears the loop like structure may have been totally isolated from the vehicle
frame and fed with a single ended wire. Perhaps there are some collectors of WW2
ex German Army vehicles you know, which have these antennas still mounted, and
can describe them.</FONT></P>
<P><A
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width=396></A></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>It may be, instead of a small loop, they were trying to
create an isotropic resonant radiator, and simply fed it with a suitable wide
range match box. Or fed a capacity hat, which functioned as the antenna for
Zenith communication as the Russians referred to it.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>In particular, we wonder if the use of NVIS was deliberate
with sets such as the Paraset QRP radio. I have "The Secret Wireless War" which
is very good as an overview of clandestine wireless activities from the UK side.
But not much was devoted to theoretical development of propagation study. There
is one operations account by a counterpart German radioman, but no detail on
their NVIS tactics, antennas and equipment. </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>The Frenchman, Lorraine, wrote an excellent book on the
Resistance's weapons, air transport, and communications, including how German
direction finding worked against the Resistance, but nothing in there on HF
propagation studies, or German NVIS applications. .</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Whaddon Hall supported the efforts with building field
radios: (particularly the Mark series), and workshops manned by the Polish
refugees built sets, but we wonder if the use of low power radios and techniques
that favored NVIS propagation just happened, or was the result of some prewar
developments on the theory of skywave propagation.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Whaddon Hall and its other installations similar in
nature, were equipped with long range antennas such as Rhombics, but appeared to
also use horizontal dipoles.and similar antennas. Perhaps a great deal of what
was done was driven by what was known from hams building and working portable
apparatus pre war? Certainly, they were widely recruited to the secret wireless
war as civilian listening posts or as uniformed, but civilian workers at the
installations and in special operations.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>It appears from "The Secret Wireless War" and other
sources, that the disaster of the Market Garden operation in the low countries
was enhanced by lack of knowledge of NVIS technique, among some of the Allies.
Low power HF sets were mostly ineffective, but appeared to be using vertical
whip antennas. </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>The Americans had done some work on what would later be
NVIS in Panama jungles in 1941 but apparently, these findings were not widely
distributed to the Signal Corps field operatives.</FONT></P>
<P><A
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<P><FONT face=Verdana>Pre war, some accidental discovery of NVIS technique was
done in the Canadian West Coast areas, and in mountains where NVIS and HF can
get over mountains into hidden valleys. But this local application of NVIS was
not widely advertised, and with war coming on, was largely overlooked by the
Canadian and US Military.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Thus, if anyone can help with accounts they may have read
in UK or European literature, or any links to German sources, it would be
appreciated.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana> </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Thanks and 73,</FONT></P>
<P><STRONG><EM><FONT face=Verdana>Stuart Rohre K5KVH</FONT></EM></STRONG></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana>Email: rohre <at> arlut.utexas.edu</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Verdana></FONT> </P></DIV></BODY></HTML>